Underwater sonar, radar and metal detector were, each in its own way, a precursor to modern medical ultrasound equipment. Application of ultrasound in medicine development should begin with the history of measuring distance probably in water by using sound waves. When the sound reaches an object, it bounced back, producing echoes. By measuring these waves echo, it is possible to determine how far the object size, shape and its consistency. In medicine, ecografele can be viewed as forms of medical radar is used to detect changes in the appearance of organs, tissues and blood vessels or to detect tumors.
What is ultrasound?
Ultrasound imaging or ultrasound involves the use of a small transducer (probe) and the gel to expose the body to high frequency sound waves. The technique is safe, painless, does not use ionizing radiation and produce images of the inside of the body with the help of ultrasound.
Ultrasound is a form of mechanical energy that propagates in the form of high-frequency wave limit of perception of the human ear. Man perceives sounds with frequency between 16 and 20.000 Hz. Sounds with frequencies above the limit of human hearing (20 KHz) are called ultrasonic frequency, while those below it, infrasonic. Frequencies used in diagnostic ultrasound are typically between 2 and 18 Mhz.
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The production of ultrasound. Piezoelectric effect
To obtain the ultrasound piezoelectric effect phenomenon discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie. The appearance of the surface of a polarizarii Crystal when upon him the mechanics is exerting a pressure or a four-wheel drive is called piezoelectric effect directly. Application of an electric field on the surface of a piezoelectric Crystal causes dilation or contraction thereof and the emission of mechanical waves.
The fundamental principle concerning the image
The device consists of a computer, a screen that displays images and a transducer (small handheld device that resembles a microphone attached to the scanner cable) that is used to do the scan. The top and send sound waves of high frequency repetitive in the body with a length of a microsecunda and then listen to the echoes that return from the body tissues. Transmitter and receiver functions as ultrasonic. The returning echoes from interacting with transducer piezoelectric disk generates an electric potential.
Image ecografica
Ecografica image is the result of intensifying and transformation into digital information, by an analog to digital converter, electric impulse generated by the piezoelectric Crystal echoes of transductorului. The image is created on the basis of the magnitude, frequency and time required for Ultrasound signal to return to the area examined the patient to the transducer and the tissue composition and structure of the body through which sound travels.
The conventional 2D ultrasound display images in thin, flat sections of the body.
Three-dimensional 3D ultrasound, is realized by means of computer visualization of anatomical structures of bulk.
4 d ultrasound 3D means in motion.
3D imaging allows you to:
early detection of cancerous and benign tumors (examination for early detection of prostate tumors, the search for mase in the colon and rectum, breast lesions for biopsy detection possible), viewing a fetus in order to assess its development, particularly for the observation of abnormal development of the face and limbs, to visualize blood flow in various organs or to the fetus.
The looks of the heart and blood vessels of a fetus at 13 weeks
Doppler ultrasound is a special technique that ultrasound assesses blood flow through a blood vessel, including major veins and arteries of the body in the abdomen, arms, legs and neck.
Use for diagnosis
Obstetrics and Gynecology: to assess the development of the fetus. Vaginal ultrasound, pelvic ultrasound, transvaginal ultrasound or are used to diagnose tumors or growths in the ovary, uterus and fallopian tubes.
Other issues such as:
abdominal pain
ovarian cysts
uterine fibroid
endometriosis
The importance of maternal fetal position in prenatal diagnosis. Interview with Dr. R Botica Ra, physician Obstetrics-Gynecology
Cardiology: stress echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart) is a common way to evaluate heart function, and to assess blood flow in the Chambers and heart valves. It also assesses the strength of the heart beating and the volume of blood pumped through or.
Echocardiography is often used for the following:
heart valve problems, such as prolapse of the mitral or aortic stenosis;
congestive heart failure;
blood clots due to irregular heart beats, such as in atrial fibrillation;
abnormal acumuluarea of fluid around the heart
pulmonary hypertension.
Blood vessels: ultrasound is useful in detecting problems with most of the larger blood vessels in the body. Using ultrasound technology, Doppler blood flow in vessels can be observed and measured. vessel narrowing (stenosis) or expansion vessels (aneurysm mentioned as dilation) can be detected.
Ultrasonic testing of the blood vessels include:
Carotid ultrasound,
abdominal aortic ultrasound for abdominal aortic aneurysm,
blood clots in the veins (superficial or deep venous thrombosis).
Abdominal structures: abdominal Ultrasound is used to evaluate the organs in the abdominal cavity, including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys and bladder.
Renal Ultrasound: to assess kidney function and structure. Blockage in the urinary tract can be seen with ultrasound, abdominal ultrasound is useful in detecting kidney stones.
Liver Ultrasound: to find abnormalities in the liver.
Gallbladder: ultrasound for gallstones or gallbladder infection.
The Appendix ultrasound in children or pregnant women, if it is necessary, in order to avoid radiation from a CT scan (computerized tomography).
Testicular Ultrasound: to diagnose testicular torsion, epididimita (testicle infection) and testicular masses.
The x-ray of the neck: thyroid glands, parathyroid can be viewed to detect lumps, growths and tumors.
Knee: ultrasound to evaluate the structures of the back of the knee, in order to determine whether a Baker’s cyst is present.
Ultrasound of the eye: to see the back of the eye (the retina). It is often used when a patient has cataracts. The test can help diagnose retina and detach in cataract surgery.
Ultrasound skin: to help find certain types of foreign bodies from the skin.
Therapeutic uses
Litotripsia with extracorporeal shock wave shock wave (ESWL) is a method that uses sound waves to break up kidney stones and stones in the gallbladder. in many cases the patient is sedated as are necessary where high intensity to fracture rocks and they can cause discomfort.
Ultrasound is often used to treat musculoskeletal injuries and sport injuries. For example, Plantar Fasciitis and tendinitele are usually treated with therapeutic ultrasound to help reduce inflammation and increase blood flow in the affected areas.
Benefits
Ultrasound scanning is not an invasive investigation (without needles or injections).
Occasionally, an ultrasound exam may be temporarily uncomfortable, but it is almost never distressing.
Ultrasound is widely available, easy to use and less expensive than other imaging methods.
Ultrasound Imaging is extremely safe and does not use ionizing radiation.
Ultrasound provides a clear picture of the soft tissues that do not show up well on images from x-ray radiographs.
Ultrasound is the preferred imaging method for diagnosis and monitoring of pregnant women and their unborn children.
Limitations
Ultrasound has difficulty penetrating bone and air. Therefore, one can only see the outer surface of the bone structures and gas-filled organs such as intestine and stomach and not what is inside. To view these organs using other imaging investigations may be carried out x-rays, CT and MRI studies.
Ultrasound is not recommended for:
Intestine or intestine organs covered: air and gas can disrupt the ultrasound.
Obese patients: the sound waves must pass through the tissue, the more the signal is weaker.
The internal structure of bone or of certain joints.
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